INTRODUCTION
Thank
God we prayed the presence of Almighty God, as we were able to complete this
paper. Preparation of the paper is organized to fulfill the English language
about COMPUTERS. Besides the purpose of the preparation of this paper was also
to add insight into the development and information and communication
technology kemajuaan
Eventually
we realized that the paper was very far from perfection. Therefore, with all
humility, we accept criticism and suggestions for the preparation of the next
paper to be better. For that we say a big thank you and I hope this paper
useful to readers.
Cangadi,
21 October 2012
The
author,
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover............................................................................................................................. i
Preface......................................................................................................................... ii
Contents...................................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I Introduction........................................................................................ 1
1.
Background...................................................................................................... 1
2.
Formulation of
Problem.................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II
Discussion........................................................................................... 1
- Understanding
computers................................................................................. 1
- History
of computer.......................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER III
Closing............................................................................................... 5
1.
conclusion......................................................................................................... 5
2.
suggestion......................................................................................................... 5
Daftar pustaka..................................................................................................... ....... 6
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. Background
Today progress development and
information and communication technology has been growing very rapidly. Various
ease of obtaining information from all over the world can be enjoyed in a
matter of seconds. At the "Stone Age" of information and
communication technologies are considered as something that is not possible,
has now become a reality. With extensive technology we should be able to use
it.
Among the information technology in
almost every place we found was a computer. Now the computer is growing rapidly
every year almost always experienced perkembangan.Orang computer could use a
computer anywhere at home, dikafe, school, and other place. While the model and
design of the computer itself is also experiencing growth ..
2. Problem Formulation
·
Understanding
Computers
·
Computer
History
·
Computer
Development Process.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. Understanding Computers
Computers are
tools used to process data in accordance with procedures that have been
formulated. The word computer was originally used to describe people who
perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without the tools, but
the meaning of the word is then transferred to the machine itself. Origins,
processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but
modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.
Broadly, the
computer can be defined as an electronic equipment that consists of several
components, which can work together between the components with one another to
produce a program based on information and data available. The computer
components are included: Screen Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, and Printer (as
a complement). Without a computer printer can still do its job as a data
processor, but the extent seen on the monitor has not been in print form
(paper).
In this
definition that there are tools such as slide rule, mechanical calculators
types ranging from abacus and so on, until all contemporary electronic
computers. The term better suited for a broad sense as "computer" is
"that process information" or "information-processing
system."
2. Computer History
a.
First Generation
Genarasi first
computer is known as computer dinosaurs because the size is relatively large.
Only people who are experts alone could use this computer as it is very
difficult and very slow komputesinya power.
Characteristic features of the computer
in the first generation are as follows:
Elektronikanya component of Tube Vacuum
(Vacuum Tube)
·
The
program is in machine language (Machine Language), a program stored in the
computer's memory. The program is still using the language of the machine by
using the code 0 and 1 in a specific order.
Properties:
·
The
size is large and requires a very broad
·
much
cooler (AC) as much off heat
·
The
process is relatively slow
·
Requires little capacity to store data.
Factories producing; UNIVAC, IBM,
Burroghs, HONEYWELL
Examples of machines; ENIAC, MARK II,
EDSAC, MARK III, UNIVAC I & II, IBM 650, ADVAC
The first generation of computers
started from year 1942 to year 1959
b.
Second
Generation
This second
generation computers emerged in the 1960's and once the computer is widely in
use in various corporate companies in particular in the field of business. Size
is smaller than the first generation that is approximately the size of a
closet. In this era humans have known printer, memory, disk or operating
system.
Characteristic features of the second
generation of computers are as follows:
Elektronikanya components of
transistors, made with Assembly Language Program, Common Business-Oriented
Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) and ALGOL
Properties:
·
The
size is relatively small
·
Do
not release much heat
·
It
has been known Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk to store data
·
Begin
to know Tele Processing (time sharing that allows multiple users to use
kokmputer together)
·
The
process relatively faster
·
Capacity
to store data increases.
Factories
producing; UNIVAC, IBM, Burroghs, HONEYWELL, CDC (Control Data Corporation),
NCR
c.
Third Generation
The new findings
in the area of hardware acted with the advent of IC (Integrated Circuit) in
computer components. Because of its advantages in bringing together the various
components in a single chip so that the computers at the time computers become
increasingly smaller size without degrading the performance of the resulting,
even further improve its performance. On the software, programming techniques
plural (Multi Programming) was developed so that further adds to a collection
of existing programming languages. Cray-1, UNIVAC 90/30 and IBM computers
360adalah some examples in this generation.
The third
generation of computers is the most rapid development of the development of
existing computers. The third generation computers emerged from the era of
1965-1971's. Transistors are considered inefficient longer makes man look for
another solution and that solution is found in quartz stone (quartz rock). Jack
Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC:
integrated circuit) in 1958. This is an innovation that can boost the emergence
of third-generation computers.
Characteristic
features of the third generation computers are as follows:
Elektronikanya component of the
Integrated Circuit (IC) or chip-shaped plate made program with a high level
language (High Level Language), namely: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL been applying the
concept of multi-processing and can run more than one program multi-programming
at the same time can communicate with other devices to perform data
communication such as telephones with computers.
Properties:
• Smaller size of the second generation
of computers
• Begin to know Multi Programming and
Multi Processing
• The integration between Software and
Hardware in Operating Systems
• The process is very fast
• The capacity to store more data.
Factories producing; IBM, Burroghs,
HONEYWELL, NCR
Examples of machines; IBM S/360, UNIVAC
1108, PDP 8 & 11, HONEYWELL 200, RCA SPECTRA 70.
In this era also began to use the
operating system (operation system) which allows the engine to run many
different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated
the computer's memory. Computer operating system in the third generation is the
UNIX and Windows. Walapupun graph is still very minimal.
d.
Fourth
Generation
Along with the
speed of development of the computer as a tool when processing data is
increasing rapidly, especially in this generation. An increasing velocity is
inversely proportional to the smaller size, supported by a larger memory
capacity. The price is getting cheaper due because the components have been
produced and sold in mass. During this period, various IC incorporated into a
single unit forming a component called the VLSI (Very Large Scale IC). Using
software developed more easily and deployed in home computers, such as word
processing and spreadsheets. Internet network even more extensive previously
only enjoyed by the elite groups are now able to be used also by the general
public. The use of microprocessors is now an absolute no longer used only on
computers but has been applied to other electronic products, such as
televisions and microwaves. Seeing the development of the computer world a very
high growth rate from the beginning to the present generation we can predict
how the characteristics of the next generation computers.
e.
Fifth Generation
Computer
Characteristic features of the fifth
generation computer are as follows:
The computer generation is still in the
development stage and has not been widely wearer. Genarasi computer development
was spearheaded by the country of Japan
Elektronikanya components using the new
forms of VLSI chips
Programs written in languages PROLOG
(Logic Programming) and LISP (List Processor)
The fifth generation computer focused on
AI (Artificial Intelligence / Artificial Intelligence), which is something
related to the use of computers to carry out tasks which are analogous to human
behavior.
Two signs of the emergence of the fifth
generation computer innovation is a means of parallel computers allow multiple
CPUs to work together to form an efficient network.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
1.
Conclusion
The development
of the computer from time to time always increase. At first the computer is not
a tool that was created for multiple purposes as we observe today. First
computers were created simply as a means to simplify the calculation or simply
as a mathematical calculating machine. But along with the development of the
computer age continues to evolve into a versatile machine especially in the field
of industry and research.
2.
Suggestion
For the computer
technology advances, it is expected that the development of future computer
able to change the thinking and make Indonesia become a human being creative
and innovative. And the growth kratifitas to produce a work that is useful for
manusia.Diharapkan with the computer technology can be utilized in accordance
with the actual usefulness capable mempercerdas nation instead of destroying
the moral fatherly moral bangsa.Kemajuan computer in the future are expected to
help all kinds of people work so that they can get the job done they quickly
because future technologies will increasingly sophisticated and all work is
done with the computerized system
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Stallings,William. Computer Organization and Architecture “designing for performance”. New Jerseys : Prentice Hall. Sixth edition.
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Structured Computer and Organization 4th edition PDF.
http:/awank.blogsome.come/Sejarah perkembangan computer ma
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_komputer
http://aplikomfeunlam.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/penggolongan-komputer.pdf
http://www.unhas.ac.id/rhiza/arsip/Arsitektur%20Komputer/arsitektur%20komputer/modul_6_-_sejarah_pc.pdf
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